On the impact of the plasma jet energy on the product of plasmadynamic synthesis in the Si-C system

Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles can be used for ceramics reinforcement, creation of nanostructured ceramics, microelectromechanical systems. The paper presents the results of plasmadynamic synthesis of silicon carbide nanopowders. This method was realized by the synthesis in an electrodischarge plasma jet generated by a high-current pulsed coaxial magnetoplasma accelerator. Powdered carbon and silicon were used as precursors for the reaction. Four experiments with different energy levels (from 10.0 to 30.0 kJ) were carried out. The synthesized products were analysed by several modern techniques including X-ray diffractometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. According to analysis results all the products mainly composed of cubic silicon carbide (b-SiC) with a small amount of unreacted precursors. Silicon carbide particles have a clear crystal structure, a triangular shape and sizes to a few hundred nanometers. Comparison of the results of experiments with different energy levels made it possible to draw conclusions on ways to control product phase composition and dispersion. The silicon carbide content and particles sizes increase with increasing the energy level

Legal discretion in criminal law: general theoretic and branch-wise aspects

Pre-requisites: legal discretion in criminal law just as in other branches has only partially been a subject matter of legal analysis. Predominantly, a law-enforcement type of discretion was studied, which is implemented by law-enforcement authorities during criminal prosecution. However, modern surveys in the field of law theory consider discretion as a general law phenomenon including law-enforcement, law-making, and law-interpretation aspects. This suggests the need to study legal discretion in criminal law from new points of view. Moreover, one should also take into account a dual-aspect nature of legal discretion, e.g., a combination of characteristics of the subject implementing discretion and law-regulated relations where this takes place. The research objective is to define an opportunity of affecting subjects implementing individual types of legal discretion (law-enforcement, law-making, and law-interpretation) intended for optimization of the discretion level in criminal law. Methods: a combination of common, general scientific, specific scientific, and specific legal methods. First of all, the paper uses a systemic and functional approach. Results. Legal discretion in legal law is represented by law-enforcement, law-making, and law-interpretation discretion of respective subjects. These types of discretion are interdependent and indissolubly related. Currently, an integrated approach to studying these types of discretions in legal law is poorly discussed in literature. Meanwhile, only this approach allows for a systematic study of legal discretion limits (in general and for individual types) and for adequate evaluation of their efficiency in criminal law

Plasmadynamic synthesis in the Si-C-N-O system

The present work is aimed at studying the possibility of synthesizing nanodispersed particles in the Si-C-N-O system and then studying the resulting synthesis products. Three series of experiments were carried out under different atmospheres of the reactor chamber: air, air + argon, argon. The possibility of synthesis of particles of the ternary Si-C-N system was considered. In the course of the study, it was found that, in the air atmosphere of the reactor chamber, the production of silicon carbonitride particles is not feasible due to the oxidation of precursor phases. The result was the production of nanodispersed particles of cubic silicon carbide, which were obtained by the method of plasmadynamic synthesis in a hyper-velocity jet silicon-carbon plasma. The obtained products were subjected to a thermal analysis. During the thermal analysis, the most optimal annealing temperature range was found to be 600-700 °C. Annealing at this temperature in air allows the synthesis product to be eliminated from the unreacted carbon phase

Optimization of the TiB2 plasma dynamic synthesis

Titanium Diboride (TiB2) nanoparticles were obtained by plasma dynamic synthesis in a hypersonic plasma jet. The aim of the work was to optimize synthesis of TiB2 nanoparticles. Firstly, three series of experiments with different ways of a discharge initiation were implemented: 1) using titanium conductors; 2) using carbon fibers; 3) using graphite aerosol (graphitization). Secondly, experiments with different atmosphere gas, which filled the volume of the reactor chamber - Ar and N2 were implemented. Thirdly, there were experiments with different mass ratio of Ti:B precursors using graphitization (26.7:73.3; 45.5:54.5; 61.1:38.9; 86.4:13.6). And finally experiments with 16.9 kJ released energy were implemented. The results showed, that the best of way of initiation an arc discharge is graphitization using Ar with mass ratio Ti:B 26.7:73.3 and input energy − 33.9 kJ. The yield of TiB2 was 93.2% with the smallest particles 56.1 nm

Steuerlast und Steuerverhalten russischer Wirtschaftsbranchen: T. III, Besteuerung von Landwirtschaft und Kleinunternehmen

Gliederung: Sergej Gerasin, Aleksandr Nikitin: Besteuerung und Subventionierung der russischen Landwirtschaft (Das Steuern- und Abgabensystem für landwirtschaftliche Unternehmen; Landwirtschaft und Staatshaushalt; Die Praxis der Subventionierung; Die Steuerlast; Beziehungen zwischen Steuerbehörden und landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen (4-16). Alexander Tschepurenko: Steuerrecht und Steuerpraxis: Kleinunternehmen in Rußland (Das aktuelle Steuerrecht für Kleinunternehmen; Steuervergünstigungen für Kleinunternehmen?; Kleinunternehmen als Opfer der Steuerbehörden; Ausblick) (17-30)

Influencing engineering education through the competency-based approach

The article poses a problem of engineering education and training of today, which are facing difficulties while developing an efficient competency-based approach realization. The authors concentrate on an urgent task of developing the integration competence of future engineers which is treated as a metadisciplinary competence providing students with ability and readiness to synthesize subject-oriented professional and social competences into a holistic system. The structure of integration competence is analyzed and the following components are determined: a value and motivation component; a practical activity component; a cognitive component; a self-analysis and self-assessment component. Among distinguishing features of the integration competence the authors define its instrumental character, metadisciplinary and universal properties as well as its nonalgorithmic character. It is shown that professionally oriented training is a core factor of integration competence development. Depending on elements being integrated, the main forms of integration of competences are determined. The model of competence integration presented in the article can serve as the basis for developing methods and conditions for its systematic elaboration in university training. The results of this study can be useful for educators of different administrative levels, teaching-and-training schools which realize a competency-based approach in their teaching